How can we make snow at home?

You will need 3 ingredients:

1. Baking soda
2. Shaving cream
3. Lavender essential oil

1.- Pour 1lb of baking soda

2.-Spray shaving cream. We used a good handful of it. But you should experiment with it by starting spraying some and then adding as needed.

3.-Knead the snow.the snow will start forming almost immediatly.

4.-Prepare for the war of snowballs and have fun!!!

          1. Baking soda                                                                            3. Lavender essential oil

             2. Shaving cream 

     

Angela Ruano

Arctic Crocodiles

Could crocodiles have once lived at the North Pole? 

Yes, really a crocodile could survive in the Arctic. But not exactly for the reason you are thinking: 

 

The cocodrile is incapable to do a coat for him. The reason is that in time  in the Arctic will not do much cold.

Experts on Climate Change estimates that the average air temperature of the Earth could warm up to 6.4 ° C towards the end of the century. 

 That would still remain a lot of ice melt in the Arctic for warm-blooded animals cold Crocodiles as might be comfortable, but it's about time.

In any case, it´s not  the first time it happened something similar. 55 million years ago, the Arctic climate was so mild as that of Florida.

Recent studies would seem to suggest that crocodiles may once have lived at higher latitudes than they currently reside today. Since crocodiles are cold-blooded reptiles, where they can survive is directly related to the temperature of the region.

Crocodiles live in tropical climates for a reason. They are cold-blooded and cannot generate their own heat. 

During colder months, they hibernate or go dormant. Crocodiles will also go dormant during long periods of drought. To create a place to hibernate, they dig out a burrow in the side of river bank or lake and settle in for a long sleep

IS THERE ANY ON EARTH IN WHICH BACTERIA CANNOT LIVE

In the Atacama Desert in northern Chile, it looks as if nothing could ever survive. It is one of the driest places in the world, and some sections of the Mars-like expanse can go 50 years without feeling a drop of rain.Yet Atacama is not devoid of life,there only lives small bacterias which live in rocks.

Life exists at the other extreme, too, in subfreezing conditions. Bacteria in the genus Psychrobacte can happily live below -10C  in Siberian permafrost and Antarctic glacier mud. Living cells recently turned up in a subglacial lake below the Antarctic ice.

The radiation at Chernobyl can still kill many living things, but resistant organisms thrive , even in containers of radioactive waste.

Nearly two years ago, a team of biologists claimed to have discovered new bacteria that not only could survive in an environment rich in arsenic, it could fold the toxic element into the very heart of its biochemistry.

 The truth is, they live everywhere, even places on earth where we once thought nothing could survive.

In the cold. Most bacteria don't grow as well in colder temperatures, which is why putting your food in the refrigerator helps keep it from spoiling. There are bacteria called psychrophiles , though, that can live and reproduce in cold temperatures ,even below the freezing point. Researchers in Antarctica have discovered bacteria in ice samples taken from about 11,700 feet deep in the ice above Lake Vostok.

Can a spaceship go through Jupiter?

We know that Jupiter is the five and largest planet of the solar system.In my opinion going inside Jupiter is imposible because is a ball of gas formed by ice and hidrogen,also is very,very hot.We can't get inside because the red clouds hid the nucleus,one twenty types more dense than the Earth.We know that to get inside we have to cross radiations beld of that planet that will destroyed some instruments of the spacecraft then we will have to pass through a wind of three hundred and seventy km/h.Astronomers suspect that the nucleus of Jupiter can be around twenty seven thousend,seven hundred sixty grooves.(And for us is 50 º),is a very high temperature,so go to Jupiter is impossible.

Work made by Alba Muñoz

                 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TU1Ub6aXMqA
                   

             WILL WE RUN OUT OF BREATHABLE OXYGEN ?

               Professor Ralph Keeling he is very worried . 
               He says that he is doing studies meticolously and his studies say tht the oxygen is
               dwinling .              


                        LESS OXYGEN EQUALS LESS LIFE
                        
               A long time ago The Earth was plenty of oxygen . Close to one-third of the atmosphere that
               animals grew to gargantuan sizes . For instance , the ancestors of dragonflies once had  four
               foot wingspans . Now, due to overpopulation by humans the air is decreasing and it has  
               become a diminishing resource . Pollution has also a high impact on the loss of oxygen .
              

                            WARNING SIGNS MOUNTING

       
                The first warning sign mounting occur in seas and oceans . Dead zones : zones where   
                oxygen has been depleted and life can no longer exist were first documented in the late   
                1970s . Researchers discovered dead zones were growing in size and number and some of 
                them are located for instance : near  the Baltic sea and in the Gulf of Mexico . 

    https://www.google.es/search?q=dead+zones&client=firefox-a&rls=org.mozilla:es-ES:official&   tbm=isch&imgil=vcnkJ-55iYM_FM%253A%253B-MG6yLrD4cMYCM%253Bhttp%25253A%25252F%25252Fwww.cbf.org%25252Fabout-the-bay%25252Fissues%25252Fdead-zones&source=iu&pf=m&fir=vcnkJ-55iYM_FM%253A%252C-MG6yLrD4cMYCM%252C_&usg=__pyFwD1EMxApC7FaiHfguzBEpn98%3D&biw=1600&bih=816&ved=0ahUKEwjl6q-H5oTNAhVJVhoKHetEAasQyjcINg&ei=U8RNV6X1AcmsaeuJhdgK#imgrc=vcnkJ-55iYM_FM%3A

How much junk is in space?Why should I worried about space junk?

There´s too much. It is extremely difficult to calculate or observe how much there actually is, but the latest numbers have found more than 20,000 objects larger than ten centimetres  being tracked, and an estimated 500,000 objects larger than one centimetre , not to mention over 100 million objects smaller than one centimetre

 

 

I should worried because for example, a satellite called Uars had reached the end of its useful life and it was left to atmospheric drag to bring it crashing back down to Earth. While UARS can't really be classed as space junk now, there are still over a million pieces of manmade debris still up in orbit.

DONE BY LUIS TORRES.

ARE VIRUSES LIVING OR NON-LIVING TBHINGS
WHAT 'S IS LIFE 
Life must be defined as theorganismic state charasterized by the capacity for metobolism

WHAT' S ARE VIRUSES 
Viruses are small infectious agents that replicates only inside of other organisms.
Viruses are microscopic parasites , generally much smaller than bacteria.
They lack the capacity to thrive and reproduce outside of a host body

ARE VIRUSES LIVING OR NON-LIVING THINGS 
Viruses are conventionally DNA or RNA coated with a variety of coat proteins and
other Biomolecules such as phospholipids . However , they cannot reproduce , not until
they attack and succesfully invade a living cell , wich could be a simple bacterium or
a human cell















SO HOW DOES A VIRUS REPRODUCE
It enters the host cell and integrates in DNA winth hot 's DNA .
If the virus has RNA asit 's genetic material , then an enzyme called Reverse Transcriptase
turns the viral RNA into DNA wich then then goes on to integrate wint the host cell 's DNA.
The viral DNA may not even divide immediately and may go yo a temporary rest phase
called The Lygogenic Cycle .

SOME EXAMPLES OF VIRUS 
Are the coronavirus , the herpes virus , the hepatitis C virus , the small pox virus and the
influenza virus




ALEJANDRA SUAREZ 

Why earth rotation is lower?

THE EARTH ROTATION IS LOWER.

 BUT WHY?

Well you may be surprised, but the answer is 'yes': land is turning more and more slowly, and not every day are the same length, producing speed variations for different reasons. The most important is the Moon by its gravitational effect and especially by tidal movements which causes that a force (in the opposite direction) appears that slowly rotated. It is gradually slowing the speed of rotation of our planet at an average of approximately 55 nanoseconds per day. There are other imbalances that advance or delay the Earth alternatively, in cases such as earthquakes, hurricanes and even thaws.

Earth will turn more and more slowly, but will never stop completely. The speed of rotation of the Earth right now is 24 hours but within about 4 million years we will have one more hour ie 25 hours. It is estimated that 5,000 million years one day last 48 hours.

A second is not, for people, very representative, but for fields such as telecommunications and aviation transport, where, for example, that difference may affect GPS aircrafts. A second can mean millions of dollars transacted.


These changes usually are made daily on June 30 or December 31. Every year there is a delay of 0.4 seconds (the day has a normal duration of 86,400 seconds), and this phenomenon could represent significant changes. The Earth 400 millions years ago it rotates  22 hours long,200 millions years ago it rotates 23 hours long ,now it rotates 24 hours long and in 400 millions years it will rotate 26 hours long.

      

Press hear to see a video

https://youtu.be/xUQKrUpQeXQ  

                                                             

Alba Merino 1º C

  

 

what´s the biggest thing carnivorous plants will eat?

14. What´s the biggest thing carnivorous plant will eat ?

Carnivorous plants generally stick to a diet of bugs that they ensnare. On rare occasions, though, tropical pitcher plants which drown and break down prey in vase-shaped traps that can be smaller than a little finger or larger than a football—have been found holding the skeletal remains of frogs, geckos and even small rodents.

In the following video, it is explained how pitcher plants can eat a mouse, so its one of the biggest things they can eat.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6L_p3ZkSlLo 

Now, we can appreciate in these two pictures, two carnivorous plants (venus flytrap) eating animals. The first picture on the left, is eating a lizard and the one on the right is already digesting a fly.











                                                         

Finally, I´m going to show you a video of carnivorous plants eating in real life.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MnY_cCRELvs



                          CLARA ZAMORA ARRANZ  - 1º C

COULD DRAGONS HAVE EXISTED IF EVOLUTION HAD TAKEN A DIFFERENT TURN?

It would have taken quite a few turns for natural selection to have produced dragons.They just don't come packaged in one animal.First up on the dragon checklist: flying.. Dragon wings are usually depicted in one of two ways—a third pair of limbs connected to the backbon., 

 Reptile expert at the American Museum of Natural History in New York, thinks the latter is more plausible.

"It seems that six appendages are very unlikely in vertebrates," he said.

They have got a very large alligator with the wings of a pterosaur that can repel musket fire.Now it just needs to breathe flames. There are no known animals that can spit fire or even a flammable liquid. Big, strong wings are necessary to compensate for the weight of a dragon's skin, which, of course, would need to withstand bow-and-arrow attacks. An alligator's skin, When European settlers first encountered the reptiles, the skin proved to be tough enough to turn away a musket ball, plenty strong for a dragon.

Of course, this is all very theoretical.The could

Why are Henrietta Lack's cells so important?

“The reason Henrietta’s cell were so precious was because they allowed scientists to perform experiments that would have been impossible with a living human. They cut HeLa cells and exposed them to endless toxins, radiation and infection. They bombarded them with drugs, hoping to find one that would kill malignant cells without destroying normal ones. They studied immune suppression and cancer growth by injecting HeLa cells into immune-compromised rats, which developed malignant tumors like much like Henrietta’s. If cells died in the process, it didn’t matter – scientists could go back to their eternally growing HeLa stock and start all over again“ .HeLa cells were also the first human cells to be successfully cloned in 1955 by Theodore Puck and Philip I Marcus at the University of Colorado, Denver.Since that time, HeLa cells have been used for "research into cancer, AIDS, the effects of radiation and toxic substances, gene mapping, and many other scientific pursuits".According to author Rebecca Skloot , by 2009, "more than 60,000 scientific articles had been published about research done on HeLa, and that number was increasing steadily at a rate of more than 300 papers each month."HeLa cells have been used in testing how parvo virus infects cells of humans, HeLa, dogs, and cats. These cells have also been used to study viruses and they are been very helpful to scientists because with these cells , they can continue their search.

Work made by Ana Valero

WHY WE SHOULD NOT THROW NUCLEAR WASTE INTO A VOLCANO?

1. The volcanoes are not a closed system, they are not just giants buckets. Anything you throw in a volcano is going to leach back into the Earth, polluting ground water,disrupting ecosystems and distributing radioactive material far and wide in a completely uncontrolled way.
   
2. The volcanoes are not hot enough to melt them and change the radioactive properties of the metals, so, we will have a radioactive volcano that it means that if the volcano erupts, the ecosystem near volcano will be destroyed, and it won't be just the magma also the radiation will make that part impossible for life.
   
3. The radioactive metals are radioactive in an atomic level. In order to take out radioactivity you have to do it on an atomic level and the hit and pressure on a volcano isn't enough to carry out that changes. I mean, you can't burn individual atoms.
   
4. If the volcano erupts with nuclear waste on it , the ash of the volcano will be radioactive, and when it reaches the atmosphere it could make lots of holes in the ozone layer and some layers of the atmosphere could disappear so life in Earth will disappear. This is one of the worst consequence if it isn't the worst but it is also one of the most improbable because it has to be a very, very big explosion.

We shouldn't throw nuclear waste into a volcano because if not, the Earth could finish like Venus, very contamined with an unbreatheable air, and a radioactive atmosphere and, yes, we will have water, but it will be contamined, so life won't be possible.

What happens to the space remaining after oil or gas are removed?

Rocks are mostly solid. Most production of oil and gas comes from rocks that have an average porosity (percent of holes) of about 13%. That is also the average porosity of most concrete. So in 99.9995% of all wells drilled there is no effect of the fluid withdrawal. The particles of the rock hold the total rock together as if nothing has happened.

As well, when oil or gas is produced, something needs to fill the voids. As nature will not tolerate a vacuum, water fills in the space. All pore space in rocks are normally filled by fluid - either gas oir oil; gas is treated as if it were a fluid, since in many cases it exists as such underground. These rocks are under pressure of the overburden - the material above them, 1,000's of feet of rocks. So the fluid in the pore space also has the same pressure on it. As oil or gas is produced, the remaining fluid fills the space with a slightly lower pressure until the water begins to be produced

  MARIO RODRIGUEZ

WHAT WOULD HAPPEN IF EVERY ELEMENT OF THE PERIODIC TABLE CAME INTO CONTACT SIMULTANEOUSLY?

There are two ways that theoretically could check this: combine simple atoms of each element or 

collect a portion of each element in its natural state and see what happen. But neither is practical ways. The first part requires the energy of dozens of Large Hadron Collider. And the other could cause a cauldron full of burning plutonium. In any case, surely both would end up creating carbon monoxide and a

lot of salts and oxidation, rather than a sympathetic Frankestein element.

If we add simple atoms of each element in a box, they will not form a super molecule containing an atom of each element, explains Mark Tuckerman, a theoretical chemist at the University of New York. The atom consists of a core of neutrons and protons with a certain number of electrons orbiting around molecules, that are formed when electron orbits overlap and merge atoms. Oxygen, for example, is very reactive, and if it is near the hydrogen form the hydroxide. If you are near the coal, will form carbon monoxide around.

Some elements, such as noble gases do not react with anything, so we could stay with them and with some common molecules of two or three atoms.

What if the crush each other with force?

We could try that all atoms will impact each other in a particle accelerator but still, do they hit 99% of speed of light at the maximum speed that can reach a Grand Collider, perhaps merge some nuclei, but neither form Frankestein that element.

18.- Is it safe to eat a Genetically-Modified fish?

On the nineteenth of November of 2015 the FDA (The USA’s Federal Drug Administration) approved the genetically modified salmon for the human consume. It has become the first transgenic animal product that could end on our plates. Scientists have introduced hormones of other fishes like the ‘’ Chinook’’ salmon that lives in the Pacific Ocean for making this new Genetically Engineered (GE) salmon - called AquAdvantage Salmon- to grow faster.

The FDA scientists have evaluated the data given by AquaBounty Technologies (the manufacturer of the GE salmon), to evaluate whether AquAdvantage salmon met the criteria to approval the established law. After an exhaustive and rigorous scientific review, FDA has arrived at the decision that AquAdvantage salmon is as safe to eat as any non-genetically engineered fish. The data demonstrated that the inserted genes remained stable over several generations of fish, that food from the GE salmon is safe to eat by humans and animals and also as nutritious, and that the genetic engineering is safe for the fish. Although they haven’t give any date in 2010 Aquadvantage said that if the product was approved the fish could be in normal supermarkets about in two years

Thanks to these studies we can conclude that there’s not any reason against eating genetically modified fish until is proven the opposite cause is safe to eat, and is as nutritious as a non-genetically modified one.



Eloïsa Sendra